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This is a Protection for Input Ports Arduino Circuit Diagram . During tests or doing some project , we run the risk of accidentally burn Arduino input . A short circuit protection can prevent a lot of problems and is one less worry , especially against accidents . It is simple , you just need a 1k resistor and a zener diode of 5 Volts , which in the case of commercial zener diode , the voltage is closer to 5.1 V and diode is the 5V1 .  Protection for Input Ports Arduino Circuit Diagram

The circuit described here is mostly aimed at development engineers who are looking for an economical step-down converter which offers a wide input voltage range. As a rule this type of circuit employs a step-down converter with integrated switching element. However, by using a more discrete solution it is possible to reduce the total cost of the step-down converter, especially when manufacturing in quantity. The TL5001A is a low-cost PWM controller which is ideal for this project. The input voltage range for the step-down converter described here is from 8 V to 30 V, with an output voltage of 5 V and a maximum output current of 1.5 A. Low-Cost Step-Down Converter With Wide Input Voltage Range Circuit Diagram When the input voltage is applied the PWM output of IC1 is enabled, taking one end of the voltage divider formed by R1 and R2 to ground potential. The current through the voltage divider will then be at most 25 mA: this value is obtained by dividing the maximum input voltage (30 V...